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開發基於註解形式的spring
SpringIOC容器的2種形式：
（1）xml配置文件：applicationContext.xml; 存bean:<bean> 取bean:

ApplicationContext context=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

（2）註解：帶有@Configuration註解的類（配置類）

存bean:@Bean+方法的返回值

//配置類，相當於applicationContext.xml
@Configuration
public class MyConfig {


    @Bean //id=方法名（myStudent）
    public Student myStudent(){
        Student student=new Student(2,"fg",34);
        return student;
    }
}

取bean:　

ApplicationContext context=new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(MyConfig.class);
Student myStudent = (Student) context.getBean("myStudent");

注意：兩種形式獲取的IOC是獨立的  
註解形式向IOC容器存放bean詳解：
1.必須有@Configuration
2.形式：
2.1 三層組件（Controller、Service、Dao）:             （1）將三層組件分別加註解@Controller、@Service、@Repository等價於@Commponent              （2）納入掃描器 a.xml配置

<context:component-scan base-package="org.ghl.controller"></context:component-scan>

b.註解形式      component-scan只對三層組件負責。    
給掃描器指定規則：                 過濾類型：FilterType(ANNOTATION, ASSIGNABLE_TYPE, CUSTOM)                 ANNOTATION:三層註解類型@Controller、@Service、@Repository等價於@Commponent

排除：
@ComponentScan(value = "org.ghl",excludeFilters = {@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION ,value = {Service.class,Repository.class})})
包含：（有默認行為，可以通過useDefaultFilters禁止）
@ComponentScan(value = "org.ghl",includeFilters = {@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION ,value = {Service.class,Repository.class})},useDefaultFilters = false)

  ASSIGNABLE_TYPE：指具體的類。

@ComponentScan(value = "org.ghl",includeFilters = {@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ASSIGNABLE_TYPE ,value = {StudentController.class})},useDefaultFilters = false)

區分：ANNOTATION：Service.class指標有@Service的所有類；           ASSIGNABLE_TYPE：指具體的類。                 CUSTOM：自定義：自己定義規則

@ComponentScan(value = "org.ghl",includeFilters = {@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM ,value = {MyFilter.class})},useDefaultFilters = false)

 

public class MyFilter implements TypeFilter {
    @Override
    public boolean match(MetadataReader metadataReader, MetadataReaderFactory metadataReaderFactory) throws IOException {
        ClassMetadata classMetadata = metadataReader.getClassMetadata();
        //拿到掃描器value = "org.ghl"包中的所有標有三層組件註解類的名字
        String className = classMetadata.getClassName();
        //只過濾出和student相關的三層組件
        if (className.contains("Student")){
            return true;  //表示包含
        }
        return false; //表示排除
    }
}

　　

2.2 非三層組件（Student.clss/轉換器等）： （1）@Bean+方法的返回值，id的默認值為方法名，也可以通過@Bean(“stu”)修改。 （2）import/FactoryBean  
bean的作用域

（@Scope(“singleton”)）scope=”singleton”:單例 scope=”prototype”:原型、多實例。
執行的時機（產生bean的時機）：         singleton：容器在初始化時，就創建對象，且只創建一次； 也支持延遲加載：在第一次使用時，創建對象。在config中加入@Lazy。         prototype：容器在初始化時，不創建對象，在每次使用時（每次從容器獲取對象時），再創建對象。         
條件註解 可以讓某一個Bean在某些條件下加入IOC容器。 （1）準備bean； （2）增加條件bean：給每個bean設置條件，必須實現Condition接口。 （3）根據條件加入IOC容器
  回顧給IOC加入Bean的方法：        註解：全部在@Configuration配置中設置:                 三層組件：掃描器+三層註解                 非三層組件：（1）@Bean+返回值                                      （2）@import                                      （3）FactoryBean（工廠Bean）
 
@import使用：         （1）直接編寫到@Import中； @Import({Apple.class,Banana.class})         （2）自定義ImportSelector接口的實現類，通過selectimports方法實現（方法的返回值就是要納入IOC容器的Bean）。並告知程序自己編寫的實現類。

public class MyImportSelector implements ImportSelector {
    @Override
    public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
        return new String[]{"org.ghl.entity.Apple","org.ghl.entity.Banana"}; //方法的返回值就是要納入IOC容器的Bean
    }
}

@Import({MyImportSelector.class})

　   （3）編寫ImporBeanDefinitionRegistrar接口的實現類並重寫方法。　

public class MyImporBeanDefinitionRegistrar implements ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar {
    @Override
    public void registerBeanDefinitions(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata, BeanDefinitionRegistry beanDefinitionRegistry) {
        //BeanDefinition beanDefinition=new RootBeanDefinition(Orange.class);
        BeanDefinition beanDefinition=new RootBeanDefinition("org.ghl.entity.Orange");
        beanDefinitionRegistry.registerBeanDefinition("myorange",beanDefinition);


    }
}　　

@Import({MyImporBeanDefinitionRegistrar.class})

　　

FactoryBean（工廠Bean）         1.寫實現類和重寫方法；　　

public class MyFactoryBean implements FactoryBean{
    @Override
    public Object getObject() throws Exception {
        return new Apple();
    }

    @Override
    public Class<?> getObjectType() {
        return Apple.class;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isSingleton() {
        return true;
    }
}

　　2.註冊到@Bean中　　

@Bean
public FactoryBean<Apple>  myFactoryBean(){
    return new MyFactoryBean();
}

注意：需要通過&區分獲取的對象是哪一個。不加&，獲取的是最內部真實的apple，如果加&，獲取的是FactoryBean。　　

　　

　　

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 Java 多線程基礎（十二）生產者與消費者

一、生產者與消費者模型

生產者與消費者問題是個非常典型的多線程問題，涉及到的對象包括“生產者”、“消費者”、“倉庫”和“產品”。他們之間的關係如下：

①、生產者僅僅在倉儲未滿時候生產，倉滿則停止生產。
②、消費者僅僅在倉儲有產品時候才能消費，倉空則等待。
③、當消費者發現倉儲沒產品可消費時候會通知生產者生產。
④、生產者在生產出可消費產品時候，應該通知等待的消費者去消費。

生產者消費者模型具體來講，就是在一個系統中，存在生產者和消費者兩種角色，他們通過內存緩衝區進行通信，生產者生產消費者需要的資料，消費者把資料做成產品。生產消費者模式如下圖。

在日益發展的服務類型中，譬如註冊用戶這種服務，它可能解耦成好幾種獨立的服務（賬號驗證，郵箱驗證碼，手機短信碼等）。它們作為消費者，等待用戶輸入數據，在前台數據提交之後會經過分解併發送到各個服務所在的url，分發的那個角色就相當於生產者。消費者在獲取數據時候有可能一次不能處理完，那麼它們各自有一個請求隊列，那就是內存緩衝區了。做這項工作的框架叫做消息隊列。

二、生產者與消費者實現

下面通過生產包子的例子及wait()/notify()方式實現該模型(後面學習線程池相關內容之後，再通過其它方式實現生產/者消費者模型)。

麵包類：

public class Bread {
    private int capacity;    // 麵包的容量
    private int size;        // 麵包的實際數量
    public Bread(int capacity) {
        this.capacity = capacity;
        this.size = 0;
    }
    
    // 生產麵包
    public synchronized void produce(int val) {
        try {
             // left 表示“想要生產的數量”(有可能生產量太多，需多此生產)
            int left = val;
            while (left > 0) {
                // 庫存已滿時，等待“消費者”消費產品。
                while (size >= capacity)
                    wait();
                // 獲取“實際生產的數量”(即庫存中新增的數量)
                // 如果“庫存”+“想要生產的數量”>“總的容量”，則“實際增量”=“總的容量”-“當前容量”。(此時填滿倉庫)
                // 否則“實際增量”=“想要生產的數量”
                int inc = (size+left)>capacity ? (capacity-size) : left;
                size += inc;
                left -= inc;
                System.out.printf("%s produce(%3d) --> left=%3d, inc=%3d, size=%3d\n",
                        Thread.currentThread().getName(), val, left, inc, size);
                // 通知“消費者”可以消費了。
                notifyAll();
            }
        }catch(InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    // 消費麵包
    public synchronized void consume(int val) {
        try {
             // left 表示“客戶要消費數量”(有可能消費量太大，庫存不夠，需多此消費)
            int left = val;
            while (left > 0) {
                // 庫存為0時，等待“生產者”生產產品。
                while (size <= 0)
                    wait();
                // 獲取“實際消費的數量”(即庫存中實際減少的數量)
                // 如果“庫存”<“客戶要消費的數量”，則“實際消費量”=“庫存”；
                // 否則，“實際消費量”=“客戶要消費的數量”。
                int dec = (size<left) ? size : left;
                size -= dec;
                left -= dec;
                System.out.printf("%s consume(%3d) <-- left=%3d, dec=%3d, size=%3d\n",
                        Thread.currentThread().getName(), val, left, dec, size);
                notifyAll();
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

生產者類

public class Producer{
    Bread bread;
    public Producer(Bread bread) {
        this.bread = bread;
    }
    public void produce(final int val) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            bread.produce(val);
        }).start();;
    }
}

消費者類

public class Customer {
    private Bread bread;
    public Customer(Bread bread) {
        this.bread = bread;
    }
    public void consume(final int val) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            bread.consume(val);
        }).start();;
    }
}

測試類代碼

public class Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Bread bread = new Bread(100);
        Producer producer = new Producer(bread);
        Cunstomer customer = new Customer(bread);
        
        producer.produce(60);
        producer.produce(120);
        consumer.consume(90);
        consumer.consume(150);
        producer.produce(110);
    }
}

// 運行結果
Thread-1 produce( 60) --> left=  0, inc= 60, size= 60
Thread-5 produce(110) --> left= 70, inc= 40, size=100
Thread-4 consume(150) <-- left= 50, dec=100, size=  0
Thread-2 produce(120) --> left= 20, inc=100, size=100
Thread-3 consume( 90) <-- left=  0, dec= 90, size= 10
Thread-4 consume(150) <-- left= 40, dec= 10, size=  0
Thread-5 produce(110) --> left=  0, inc= 70, size= 70
Thread-4 consume(150) <-- left=  0, dec= 40, size= 30
Thread-2 produce(120) --> left=  0, inc= 20, size= 50

說明：

①、Producer是“生產者”類，它與“麵包(bread)”關聯。當調用“生產者”的produce()方法時，它會新建一個線程並向“麵包類”中生產產品。
②、Customer是“消費者”類，它與“麵包(bread)”關聯。當調用“消費者”的consume()方法時，它會新建一個線程並消費“麵包類”中的產品。
③、Bread是麵包類，記錄“麵包的產量(capacity)”以及麵包當前實際數目(size)”。
        麵包類的生產方法produce()和消費方法consume()方法都是synchronized方法，進入synchronized方法體，意味着這個線程獲取到了該“麵包”對象的同步鎖。這也就是說，同一時間，生產者和消費者線程只能有一個能運行。通過同步鎖，實現了對“殘酷”的互斥訪問。
       對於生產方法 produce() 而言：當麵包量滿時，生產者線程等待，需要等待消費者消費產品之後，生產線程才能生產；生產者線程生產完麵包之後，會通過 notifyAll() 喚醒同步鎖上的所有線程，包括“消費者線程”，即我們所說的“通知消費者進行消費”。
      對於消費方法consume()而言：當倉庫為空時，消費者線程等待，需要等待生產者生產產品之後，消費者線程才能消費；消費者線程消費完產品之後，會通過 notifyAll() 喚醒同步鎖上的所有線程，包括“生產者線程”，即我們所說的“通知生產者進行生產”。

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官方示例中有許多很好的例子可以幫助大家理解和學習Halcon，下面舉幾個經典的斑點分析例子講解一下

Crystals

圖中显示了在高層大氣中採集到的晶體樣本的圖像。任務是分析對象以確定特定形狀的頻率。重要的對象之一是六角形。

首先，使用read_image從文件中讀取圖像。由於晶體的對比度相對較低且結合了不均勻的背景，因此使用局部閾值執行對象的分割。該輪次由平均過濾器mean_image確定。選擇濾光罩的尺寸，使其具有暗區寬度的大約三倍。 dyn_threshold現在將平滑的和原始的灰色進行比較，選擇那些通過8個灰度值的對比而變暗的像素。connection將對象分為連接的組件。下圖显示了此初始分割的結果。

read_image (Image, 'crystal')
mean_image (Image, ImageMean, 21, 21)
dyn_threshold (Image, ImageMean, RegionDynThresh, 8, 'dark')
connection (RegionDynThresh, ConnectedRegions)

現在的任務是僅選擇六邊形的晶體。為此，首先變成他們的凸包，這就像在每個區域周圍都使用橡皮筋。在這些區域中，選擇那些具有較大的（select_shape）並具有給定灰度值分佈（select_gray）的對象。確定選擇的參數，以便僅保留相關的晶體如下圖。

shape_trans (ConnectedRegions, ConvexRegions, 'convex')
select_shape (ConvexRegions, LargeRegions, 'area', 'and', 600, 2000)
select_gray (LargeRegions, Image, Crystals, 'entropy', 'and', 1, 5.6)

源程序

* crystal.hdev: extraction of hexagonally shaped crystals via local thresholding and region post-processing
* 
dev_close_window ()
dev_update_window ('off')
* ****
* step: acquire image獲取圖像
* ****
read_image (Image, 'crystal')
get_image_size (Image, Width, Height)
dev_open_window_fit_image (Image, 0, 0, Width, Height, WindowID)
set_display_font (WindowID, 12, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_set_line_width (2)
dev_display (Image)
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* ****
* step: segment image分割圖像
* ****
* -> using a local threshold
mean_image (Image, ImageMean, 21, 21)
dyn_threshold (Image, ImageMean, RegionDynThresh, 8, 'dark')
* -> extract connected components
connection (RegionDynThresh, ConnectedRegions)
dev_display (ConnectedRegions)
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* ****
* step: process regions處理區域
* ****
shape_trans (ConnectedRegions, ConvexRegions, 'convex')
select_shape (ConvexRegions, LargeRegions, 'area', 'and', 600, 2000)
select_gray (LargeRegions, Image, Crystals, 'entropy', 'and', 1, 5.6)
dev_display (Image)
dev_display (Crystals)

Atoms

專業顯微鏡能夠確定單個原子的大致位置，這對於例如分析PN結晶體的晶格變化很有用，使用分水嶺方法在這類圖片上細分效果很好。在這裏，每個暗區作為單個區域返回。因為在圖像的外部原子僅部分可見，第一個任務是僅提取那些不靠近圖像邊界的原子。最後提取不規則，這是通過尋找形狀（被擠壓）的異常原子實現的。

gauss_filter (Image, ImageGauss, 5)
watersheds (ImageGauss, Basins, Watersheds)

select_shape (Basins, SelectedRegions1, 'column1', 'and', 2, Width - 1)
select_shape (SelectedRegions1, SelectedRegions2, 'row1', 'and', 2, Height - 1)
select_shape (SelectedRegions2, SelectedRegions3, 'column2', 'and', 1, Width - 3)
select_shape (SelectedRegions3, Inner, 'row2', 'and', 1, Height - 3)
select_shape (Inner, Irregular, ['moments_i1','moments_i1'], 'or', [0,9.5e8], [1.5e8,1e10])

分水嶺方法劃分圖像

結果圖

源程序

* atoms.hdev: Locates irregularities in an atomic grid structure
* 
dev_close_window ()
dev_update_window ('off')
* ****
* Acquire image獲取圖像
* ****
read_image (Image, 'atoms')
get_image_size (Image, Width, Height)
crop_rectangle1 (Image, Image, Height / 2, 0, Height - 1, Width - 1)
get_image_size (Image, Width, Height)
dev_open_window_fit_image (Image, 0, 0, -1, -1, WindowID)
set_display_font (WindowID, 14, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_set_line_width (2)
dev_display (Image)
disp_message (WindowID, 'Original image', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* ****
* Segment image分割圖像
* ****
* -> Using watershed
gauss_filter (Image, ImageGauss, 5)
watersheds (ImageGauss, Basins, Watersheds)
dev_display (Image)
dev_set_colored (12)
dev_display (Watersheds)
disp_message (WindowID, 'Watersheds', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* ****
* Process regions處理區域
* ****
* -> Skip regions at the border of the image
smallest_rectangle1 (Basins, Row1, Column1, Row2, Column2)
select_shape (Basins, SelectedRegions1, 'column1', 'and', 2, Width - 1)
select_shape (SelectedRegions1, SelectedRegions2, 'row1', 'and', 2, Height - 1)
select_shape (SelectedRegions2, SelectedRegions3, 'column2', 'and', 1, Width - 3)
select_shape (SelectedRegions3, Inner, 'row2', 'and', 1, Height - 3)
* -> Select irregularly shaped atoms
select_shape (Inner, Irregular, ['moments_i1','moments_i1'], 'or', [0,9.5e8], [1.5e8,1e10])
dev_display (Image)
dev_set_line_width (1)
dev_set_color ('white')
dev_display (Inner)
dev_set_line_width (3)
dev_set_color ('red')
dev_display (Irregular)
disp_message (WindowID, 'Defects', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')

Analyzing Particles

本示例的任務是分析液體中的顆粒。此應用程序的主要困難是存在兩種類型的物體：大的明亮物體和對比度低的小物體。此外，還存在噪音干擾。

該程序使用兩種不同的方法分別對兩類對象進行分段：全局閾值和局部閾值。通過附加的后處理，可以以可靠的方式提取小顆粒。

threshold (Image, Large, 110, 255)
dilation_circle (Large, LargeDilation, 7.5)

complement (LargeDilation, NotLarge)
reduce_domain (Image, NotLarge, ParticlesRed)
mean_image (ParticlesRed, Mean, 31, 31)
dyn_threshold (ParticlesRed, Mean, SmallRaw, 3, 'light')
opening_circle (SmallRaw, Small, 2.5)
connection (Small, SmallConnection)

源程序

* particle.hdev: Measurement of small particles
* 
dev_update_off ()
dev_close_window ()
dev_open_window (0, 0, 512, 512, 'black', WindowID)
set_display_font (WindowID, 14, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
read_image (Image, 'particle')
dev_display (Image)
dev_disp_text ('Original image', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', [], [])
dev_disp_text ('Press Run (F5) to continue', 'window', 'bottom', 'right', 'black', [], [])
stop ()
threshold (Image, Large, 110, 255)
* Dilate regions with a circular structuring element
dilation_circle (Large, LargeDilation, 7.5)
dev_display (Image)
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_set_line_width (3)
dev_set_color ('red')
dev_display (LargeDilation)
dev_set_draw ('fill')
dev_disp_text ('Exclude large areas from processing', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', [], [])
dev_disp_text ('Press Run (F5) to continue', 'window', 'bottom', 'right', 'black', [], [])
stop ()
* Continue to calculate small regions
* Return the complement of a region
complement (LargeDilation, NotLarge)
reduce_domain (Image, NotLarge, ParticlesRed)
mean_image (ParticlesRed, Mean, 31, 31)
* Segment the image using a local threshold
dyn_threshold (ParticlesRed, Mean, SmallRaw, 3, 'light')
opening_circle (SmallRaw, Small, 2.5)
connection (Small, SmallConnection)
dev_display (Image)
dev_set_colored (12)
dev_display (SmallConnection)
dev_disp_text ('Extracted small particles', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', [], [])
dev_disp_text ('Press Run (F5) to continue', 'window', 'bottom', 'right', 'black', [], [])
stop ()
* Continue to select several regions and to get information
dev_set_color ('green')
dev_display (Image)
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_display (SmallConnection)
Button := 1
* Define limits for the displayed message at the end of the while-loop.
MaxRow := 450
MaxColumn := 440
MinRow := 40
MinColumn := 100
while (Button == 1)
    dev_disp_text (['Select object with left mouse button','Right button to quit'], 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'box_color', '#fce9d4dd')
    dev_set_color ('green')
    get_mbutton (WindowID, Row, Column, Button)
    dev_display (Image)
    dev_display (SmallConnection)
    dev_set_color ('red')
    select_region_point (SmallConnection, SmallSingle, Row, Column)
    dev_display (SmallSingle)
    count_obj (SmallSingle, NumSingle)
    if (NumSingle == 1)
        intensity (SmallSingle, Image, MeanGray, DeviationGray)
        area_center (SmallSingle, Area, Row, Column)
        * Limit the message so that it is displayed entirely inside the graphics window.
        if (Row > MaxRow)
            Row := MaxRow
        endif
        if (Column > MaxColumn)
            Column := MaxColumn
        endif
        if (Row < MinRow)
            Row := MinRow
        endif
        if (Column < MinColumn)
            Column := MinColumn
        endif
        dev_disp_text (['Area = ' + Area,'Intensity = ' + MeanGray$'.3'], 'image', Row + 10, Column - 90, 'black', 'box_color', '#fce9d4dd')
    endif
endwhile
dev_set_line_width (1)
dev_update_on ()

Extracting Forest Features from Color Infrared Image

本示例的任務是在圖中所示的彩色紅外圖像中檢測不同的對象類別：樹（針恭弘=叶 恭弘和落恭弘=叶 恭弘），草地和道路

圖像數據是彩色紅外圖像，由於其特定的顏色，可以非常輕鬆地提取道路。需要做到那樣的話，要將多通道圖像拆分為單通道。

read_image (Forest, 'forest_air1')
decompose3 (Forest, Red, Green, Blue)
threshold (Blue, BlueBright, 80, 255)
connection (BlueBright, BlueBrightConnection)
select_shape (BlueBrightConnection, Path, 'area', 'and', 100, 100000000)

山毛櫸樹根據其在紅色通道中的強度和最小大小進行分割

threshold (Red, RedBright, 120, 255)
connection (RedBright, RedBrightConnection)
select_shape (RedBrightConnection, RedBrightBig, 'area', 'and', 1500, 10000000)
closing_circle (RedBrightBig, RedBrightClosing, 7.5)
opening_circle (RedBrightClosing, RedBrightOpening, 9.5)
connection (RedBrightOpening, RedBrightOpeningConnection)
select_shape (RedBrightOpeningConnection, BeechBig, 'area', 'and', 1000, 100000000)
select_gray (BeechBig, Blue, Beech, 'mean', 'and', 0, 59)

草地具有相似的光譜特性，但亮度略高

union1 (Beech, BeechUnion)
complement (BeechUnion, NotBeech)
difference (NotBeech, Path, NotBeechNotPath)
reduce_domain (Red, NotBeechNotPath, NotBeechNotPathRed)
threshold (NotBeechNotPathRed, BrightRest, 150, 255)
connection (BrightRest, BrightRestConnection)
select_shape (BrightRestConnection, Meadow, 'area', 'and', 500, 1000000)

使用分水嶺方法提取針恭弘=叶 恭弘樹，並在盆地內部增加閾值

union2 (Path, RedBrightClosing, BeechPath)
smooth_image (Red, RedGauss, 'gauss', 4.0)
invert_image (RedGauss, Invert)
watersheds (Invert, SpruceRed, Watersheds)
select_shape (SpruceRed, SpruceRedLarge, 'area', 'and', 100, 5000)
select_gray (SpruceRedLarge, Red, SpruceRedInitial, 'max', 'and', 100, 200)
gen_empty_obj (LocalThresh)
count_obj (SpruceRedInitial, NumSpruce)
dev_update_var ('off')
dev_update_pc ('off')
for i := 1 to NumSpruce by 1
    select_obj (SpruceRedInitial, SingleSpruce, i)
    min_max_gray (SingleSpruce, Red, 50, Min, Max, Range)
    reduce_domain (Red, SingleSpruce, SingleSpruceRed)
    threshold (SingleSpruceRed, SingleSpruceBright, Min, 255)
    connection (SingleSpruceBright, SingleSpruceBrightCon)
    select_shape_std (SingleSpruceBrightCon, MaxAreaSpruce, 'max_area', 70)
    concat_obj (MaxAreaSpruce, LocalThresh, LocalThresh)
endfor
opening_circle (LocalThresh, FinalSpruce, 1.5)

源程序

dev_close_window ()
dev_update_window ('off')
read_image (Forest, 'forest_air1')
get_image_size (Forest, Width, Height)
dev_open_window (0, 0, Width, Height, 'black', WindowHandle)
decompose3 (Forest, Red, Green, Blue)
dev_display (Red)
threshold (Blue, BlueBright, 80, 255)
connection (BlueBright, BlueBrightConnection)
select_shape (BlueBrightConnection, Path, 'area', 'and', 100, 100000000)
dev_set_color ('red')
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_display (Path)
disp_continue_message (WindowHandle, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
threshold (Red, RedBright, 120, 255)
connection (RedBright, RedBrightConnection)
select_shape (RedBrightConnection, RedBrightBig, 'area', 'and', 1500, 10000000)
closing_circle (RedBrightBig, RedBrightClosing, 7.5)
opening_circle (RedBrightClosing, RedBrightOpening, 9.5)
connection (RedBrightOpening, RedBrightOpeningConnection)
select_shape (RedBrightOpeningConnection, BeechBig, 'area', 'and', 1000, 100000000)
select_gray (BeechBig, Blue, Beech, 'mean', 'and', 0, 59)
dev_display (Red)
dev_display (Beech)
disp_continue_message (WindowHandle, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
union1 (Beech, BeechUnion)
complement (BeechUnion, NotBeech)
difference (NotBeech, Path, NotBeechNotPath)
reduce_domain (Red, NotBeechNotPath, NotBeechNotPathRed)
threshold (NotBeechNotPathRed, BrightRest, 150, 255)
connection (BrightRest, BrightRestConnection)
select_shape (BrightRestConnection, Meadow, 'area', 'and', 500, 1000000)
dev_display (Red)
dev_display (Meadow)
disp_continue_message (WindowHandle, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
union2 (Path, RedBrightClosing, BeechPath)
smooth_image (Red, RedGauss, 'gauss', 4.0)
invert_image (RedGauss, Invert)
watersheds (Invert, SpruceRed, Watersheds)
select_shape (SpruceRed, SpruceRedLarge, 'area', 'and', 100, 5000)
select_gray (SpruceRedLarge, Red, SpruceRedInitial, 'max', 'and', 100, 200)
gen_empty_obj (LocalThresh)
count_obj (SpruceRedInitial, NumSpruce)
dev_update_var ('off')
dev_update_pc ('off')
for i := 1 to NumSpruce by 1
    select_obj (SpruceRedInitial, SingleSpruce, i)
    min_max_gray (SingleSpruce, Red, 50, Min, Max, Range)
    reduce_domain (Red, SingleSpruce, SingleSpruceRed)
    threshold (SingleSpruceRed, SingleSpruceBright, Min, 255)
    connection (SingleSpruceBright, SingleSpruceBrightCon)
    select_shape_std (SingleSpruceBrightCon, MaxAreaSpruce, 'max_area', 70)
    concat_obj (MaxAreaSpruce, LocalThresh, LocalThresh)
endfor
opening_circle (LocalThresh, FinalSpruce, 1.5)
dev_set_line_width (2)
dev_set_color ('red')
dev_display (Red)
dev_display (FinalSpruce)
dev_set_color ('green')
dev_display (Beech)
dev_set_color ('yellow')
dev_display (Meadow)

Checking a Boundary for Fins

本示例的任務是檢查塑料零件的外邊界。在這種情況下，某些對象會显示鰭

程序首先提取背景區域（鰭显示為壓痕）

binary_threshold (Fin, Background, 'max_separability', 'light', UsedThreshold)

然後使用形態學運算符關閉背景區域中的壓痕

 closing_circle (Background, ClosedBackground, 250)

封閉區域與原始區域之間的顯著差異是鰭

 difference (ClosedBackground, Background, RegionDifference)
 opening_rectangle1 (RegionDifference, FinRegion, 5, 5)

源程序

* fin.hdev: Detection of a fin
* 
dev_update_window ('off')
read_image (Fins, 'fin' + [1:3])
get_image_size (Fins, Width, Height)
dev_close_window ()
dev_open_window (0, 0, Width[0], Height[0], 'black', WindowID)
set_display_font (WindowID, 14, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
for I := 1 to 3 by 1
    select_obj (Fins, Fin, I)
    dev_display (Fin)
    binary_threshold (Fin, Background, 'max_separability', 'light', UsedThreshold)
    dev_set_color ('blue')
    dev_set_draw ('margin')
    dev_set_line_width (4)
    dev_display (Background)
    disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
    stop ()
    closing_circle (Background, ClosedBackground, 250)
    dev_set_color ('green')
    dev_display (ClosedBackground)
    disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
    stop ()
    difference (ClosedBackground, Background, RegionDifference)
    opening_rectangle1 (RegionDifference, FinRegion, 5, 5)
    dev_display (Fin)
    dev_set_color ('red')
    dev_display (FinRegion)
    area_center (FinRegion, FinArea, Row, Column)
    if (I < 3)
        disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
        stop ()
    endif
endfor

Bonding Balls

本示例的任務是檢查圖中PCB板所示的球形鍵合直徑

球形鍵的提取有兩個步驟：首先，通過分割亮區來定位裸片，然後將它們轉換為最小的矩形

threshold (Bond, Bright, 100, 255)
shape_trans (Bright, Die, 'rectangle2')

現在，使用reduce_domain處理模具內部的區域。在此ROI中，程序檢查與線材相對應的深色區域

reduce_domain (Bond, Die, DieGrey)
threshold (DieGrey, Wires, 0, 50)
fill_up_shape (Wires, WiresFilled, 'area', 1, 100)

刪除不相關的結構,並按預定順序排列鍵提取所需的特徵

opening_circle (WiresFilled, Balls, 15.5)
connection (Balls, SingleBalls)
select_shape (SingleBalls, IntermediateBalls, 'circularity', 'and', 0.85, 1.0)
sort_region (IntermediateBalls, FinalBalls, 'first_point', 'true', 'column')
smallest_circle (FinalBalls, Row, Column, Radius)

源代碼

* ball.hdev: Inspection of Ball Bonding
* 
dev_update_window ('off')
dev_close_window ()
dev_open_window (0, 0, 728, 512, 'black', WindowID)
read_image (Bond, 'die/die_03')
dev_display (Bond)
set_display_font (WindowID, 14, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
threshold (Bond, Bright, 100, 255)
shape_trans (Bright, Die, 'rectangle2')
dev_set_color ('green')
dev_set_line_width (3)
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_display (Die)
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
reduce_domain (Bond, Die, DieGrey)
threshold (DieGrey, Wires, 0, 50)
fill_up_shape (Wires, WiresFilled, 'area', 1, 100)
dev_display (Bond)
dev_set_draw ('fill')
dev_set_color ('red')
dev_display (WiresFilled)
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
opening_circle (WiresFilled, Balls, 15.5)
dev_set_color ('green')
dev_display (Balls)
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
connection (Balls, SingleBalls)
select_shape (SingleBalls, IntermediateBalls, 'circularity', 'and', 0.85, 1.0)
sort_region (IntermediateBalls, FinalBalls, 'first_point', 'true', 'column')
dev_display (Bond)
dev_set_colored (12)
dev_display (FinalBalls)
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
smallest_circle (FinalBalls, Row, Column, Radius)
NumBalls := |Radius|
Diameter := 2 * Radius
meanDiameter := mean(Diameter)
minDiameter := min(Diameter)
dev_display (Bond)
disp_circle (WindowID, Row, Column, Radius)
dev_set_color ('white')
disp_message (WindowID, 'D: ' + Diameter$'.4', 'image', Row - 2 * Radius, Column, 'white', 'false')
dev_update_window ('on')

Surface Scratches

本示例檢測金屬表面上的划痕
分割的主要困難是背景不均勻以及划痕是薄的結構。可以使用局部閾值解決這兩個問題。即算子mean_image和dyn_threshold,在connection后，將小對象(主要是噪聲)移除

mean_image (Image, ImageMean, 7, 7)
dyn_threshold (Image, ImageMean, DarkPixels, 5, 'dark')
connection (DarkPixels, ConnectedRegions)
select_shape (ConnectedRegions, SelectedRegions, 'area', 'and', 10, 1000)

選擇的一部分是划痕，但是如果我們仔細觀察，就會發現它們被部分分割了。為了解決這個問題，我們將所有分割部分再次合併到一個大區域中。通過應用dilation_circle將具有給定最大距離的物體組合在一起。最終獲得正確形狀的划痕。由於膨脹的緣故，使用skeleton將形狀變薄到一個像素的寬度

union1 (SelectedRegions, RegionUnion)
dilation_circle (RegionUnion, RegionDilation, 3.5)
skeleton (RegionDilation, Skeleton)
connection (Skeleton, Errors)

最後一步是區分表面上的小點和划痕。這是通過使用大小作為特徵的select_shape實現的。

select_shape (Errors, Scratches, 'area', 'and', 50, 10000)
select_shape (Errors, Dots, 'area', 'and', 1, 50)

源代碼

* This programm shows the extraction of surface scratches via
* local thresholding and morphological post-processing
* 
dev_update_off ()
dev_close_window ()
* 
* Step 1: Acquire image
* 
read_image (Image, 'surface_scratch')
get_image_size (Image, Width, Height)
dev_open_window_fit_image (Image, 0, 0, Width, Width, WindowID)
set_display_font (WindowID, 16, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
dev_set_draw ('margin')
dev_set_line_width (4)
dev_display (Image)
Message := 'This program shows the extraction of'
Message[1] := 'surface scratches via local thresholding'
Message[2] := 'and morphological post-processing'
disp_message (WindowID, Message, 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* 
* Step 2: Segment image
* 
* Using a local threshold
mean_image (Image, ImageMean, 7, 7)
dyn_threshold (Image, ImageMean, DarkPixels, 5, 'dark')
* 
* Extract connected components
connection (DarkPixels, ConnectedRegions)
dev_set_colored (12)
dev_display (Image)
dev_display (ConnectedRegions)
Message := 'Connected components after image segmentation'
Message[1] := 'using a local threshold.'
disp_message (WindowID, Message, 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* 
* Step 3: Process regions
* 
* Select large regions
select_shape (ConnectedRegions, SelectedRegions, 'area', 'and', 10, 1000)
dev_display (Image)
dev_display (SelectedRegions)
disp_message (WindowID, 'Large Regions', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowID, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* 
* Visualize fractioned scratch
open_zoom_window (0, round(Width / 2), 2, 303, 137, 496, 3, WindowHandleZoom)
dev_set_color ('blue')
dev_display (Image)
dev_display (SelectedRegions)
set_display_font (WindowHandleZoom, 16, 'mono', 'true', 'false')
disp_message (WindowHandleZoom, 'Fractioned scratches', 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowHandleZoom, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* 
* Merge fractioned scratches via morphology
union1 (SelectedRegions, RegionUnion)
dilation_circle (RegionUnion, RegionDilation, 3.5)
dev_display (Image)
dev_display (RegionDilation)
Message := 'Region of the scratches after dilation'
disp_message (WindowHandleZoom, Message, 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowHandleZoom, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
skeleton (RegionDilation, Skeleton)
connection (Skeleton, Errors)
dev_set_colored (12)
dev_display (Image)
dev_display (Errors)
Message := 'Fractioned scratches merged via morphology'
disp_message (WindowHandleZoom, Message, 'window', 12, 12, 'black', 'true')
disp_continue_message (WindowHandleZoom, 'black', 'true')
stop ()
* 
* Distinguish small and large scratches
close_zoom_window (WindowHandleZoom, Width, Height)
select_shape (Errors, Scratches, 'area', 'and', 50, 10000)
select_shape (Errors, Dots, 'area', 'and', 1, 50)
dev_display (Image)
dev_set_color ('red')
dev_display (Scratches)
dev_set_color ('blue')
dev_display (Dots)
Message := 'Extracted surface scratches'
Message[1] := 'Not categorized as scratches'
disp_message (WindowID, Message, 'window', 440, 310, ['red','blue'], 'true')

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